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Review Article| Volume 29, ISSUE 2, P203-231, September 2021

The Zygoma Anatomy-Guided Approach for Placement of Zygomatic Implants

Open AccessPublished:July 07, 2021DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cxom.2021.05.004
The Zygoma Anatomy-Guided Approach for Placement of Zygomatic Implants
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      Keywords

      Key points

      • •
        The essence of the ZAGA Concept is to provide the patient with a zygomatic anchored rehabilitation according to their specific anatomy.
      • •
        ZAGA Concept includes the choice of the adequate implant design able to adapt to the performed osteotomy.
      • •
        The ZAGA concept recommends aiming for a tunnel osteotomy, whenever possible, regardless of the maxillary wall curvature.
      • •
        A channel osteotomy is a groove made on the coronal-alveolar bone and sometimes also in the lateral maxillary wall and zygomatic buttress.
      • •
        It is critical to preserve the sinus membrane integrity and as much bone thickness as possible at the zygomatic implant critical zone crest level.

      The zygomatic anatomy-guided approach concept

      The zygomatic anatomy-guided approach (ZAGA) was described as a refinement of the extrasinus technique for placement of zygomatic implants (ZI).
      Aparicio C. Zygomatic implants: the anatomy-guided approach. 1st edition. Quintessence Pub Co, United Kingdom2012
      The concept seeks a patient-specific therapy and applies to all the atrophic maxillary anatomies. According to the ZAGA concept, placement of the ZI is guided by the anatomic and prosthetic requirements. The osteotomy goals (Box 1) are to achieve maximum primary stability, optimal anteroposterior (AP) distribution, and implant trajectory and position that prevent potential long-term complications, such as oral-antral fistula formation or soft tissue dehiscence (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20, Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24, Fig. 25, Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32, Fig. 33, Fig. 34, Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig. 37, Fig. 38, Fig. 39, Fig. 40, Fig. 41, Fig. 42, Fig. 43, Fig. 44, Fig. 45, Fig. 46, Fig. 47, Fig. 48, Fig. 49, Fig. 50, Fig. 51, Fig. 52, Fig. 53, Fig. 54, Fig. 55, Fig. 56, Fig. 57, Fig. 58, Fig. 59, Fig. 60, Fig. 61, Fig. 62, Fig. 63, Fig. 64, Fig. 65, Fig. 66, Fig. 67, Fig. 68, Fig. 69, Fig. 70, Fig. 71, Fig. 72, Fig. 73, Fig. 74, Fig. 75, Fig. 76, Fig. 77, Fig. 78, Fig. 79, Fig. 80, Fig. 81, Fig. 82, Fig. 83, Fig. 84, Fig. 85, Fig. 86, Fig. 87, Fig. 88, Fig. 89, Fig. 90, Fig. 91, Fig. 92, Fig. 93, Fig. 94, Fig. 95, Fig. 96, Fig. 97, Fig. 98, Fig. 99, Fig. 100, Fig. 101, Fig. 102, Fig. 103, Fig. 104, Fig. 105, Fig. 106, Fig. 107, Fig. 108, Fig. 109, Fig. 110, Fig. 111, Fig. 112, Fig. 113).
      The ZAGA minimally invasive zygomatic osteotomy goals
      • •
        Accomplish a prosthetically driven implant trajectory, placing the implant head at the optimal dental position.
      • •
        Achieve optimal AP distribution of the implants.
      • •
        Achieve maximal implant primary stability.
      • •
        Preserve as much bone as possible at the maxillary wall and alveolar bone.
      • •
        Maximize the BIC along the length of the whole implant. This includes alveolar, maxillary wall, and zygomatic bone.
      • •
        Complete sealing of the osteotomy by the implant body.
      • •
        Protect the sinus integrity at the implant head/neck level to prevent late sinus-oral communication.
      • •
        Prevent soft tissue dehiscence.
      Figure thumbnail gr1
      Fig. 1Simulation of an extrasinus path in a ZAGA type 3 situation. Implant path will use a ZAGA tunnel-type osteotomy to reach the zygoma.
      Figure thumbnail gr2
      Fig. 2Case 1: both coronal and zygomatic entrances are marked previous to drilling.
      Figure thumbnail gr3
      Fig. 3Case 1: the antrostomy location also is marked.
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      Fig. 4Case 1: the round bur is used to drill a tunnel on alveolar bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr5
      Fig. 5Case 1: the round bur has crossed alveolar bone. Membrane integrity was maintained.
      Figure thumbnail gr6
      Fig. 6Case 1: the round bur has perforated the zygomatic process of the maxilla.
      Figure thumbnail gr7
      Fig. 7Case 1: a stepped Straumann AG 2.9-mm diameter twist drill was used as a final drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr8
      Fig. 8Case 1: maxillary wall should be prepared evenly. When there is no roof, drills may trend to drill the air.
      Figure thumbnail gr9
      Fig. 9Case 1: the twist drill attacks the zygomatic bone using a sliding movement supported by the alveolar tunnel and the channel.
      Figure thumbnail gr10
      Fig. 10Case 1: the ZAGA tunnel type of osteotomy respects sinus integrity at the ZICZ.
      Figure thumbnail gr11
      Fig. 11Case 1: a Straumann AG zygomatic double gauge is used to measure the osteotomy length.
      Figure thumbnail gr12
      Fig. 12Case 1: a circular section implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) is self-tapping the alveolar tunnel osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr13
      Fig. 13Case 1: due to the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) self-tapping design, BIC is maximized and no gaps are left between alveolar bone and the implant.
      Figure thumbnail gr14
      Fig. 14Case 1: the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) apical flutes are cutting the zygomatic bone facilitating insertion torque values above 50 Ncm.
      Figure thumbnail gr15
      Fig. 15Case 1: the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) neck has macrothreads to help bone integration. The bony side of the implant head has microthreads for bony stabilization.
      Figure thumbnail gr16
      Fig. 16Case 1: the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) mount screw gives the direction of the prostheses screw emergence.
      Figure thumbnail gr17
      Fig. 17Case 1: lateral view of the implant design (Straumann ZAGA Round).
      Figure thumbnail gr18
      Fig. 18Case 1: a Straumann abutment is being screwed until reaching 35 N∙cm .
      Figure thumbnail gr19
      Fig. 19Case 1: final prostheses and soft tissues 1 year postsurgery. Prostheses placed by Drs Peter and Madalina Simon, ZAGA Center Stuttgart, Germany.
      Figure thumbnail gr20
      Fig. 20Case 1: patient satisfaction 1 year postsurgery. Prostheses placed by Drs Peter and Madalina Simon, ZAGA Center Stuttgart, Germany.
      Figure thumbnail gr21
      Fig. 21Case 2: right side 3D and 2D images representing the anatomic features of an eventual ZI trajectory. The planning software simulating an intrasinus classic path. An eventual circular tunnel osteotomy would reach the sinus through scarcely 1 mm to 2 mm of alveolar bone thickness. The ZAGA concept recommends visualizing the possibility for bone loss around the implant neck and subsequent development of an oral-antral fistula.
      Figure thumbnail gr22
      Fig. 22Case 2: the planning software is simulating an extrasinus path of the same implant of . (right side) According to the ZAGA concept, when facing situations showing less than 4 to 5 mm thickness at the sinus floor, a more reliable bone sealing and maintenance is achieved by buccal shifting of the osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr23
      Fig. 23Case 2: left side 3D and 2D images representing the anatomic features of an eventual ZI trajectory. The planning software simulating the figure is showing an intrasinus planning of the same patient as in . Possibility for late peri-implant bone resorption and oral-antral fistula must be foreseen.
      Figure thumbnail gr24
      Fig. 24Case 2: an increased BIC at the ZICZ Is achieved by laterally displacing the osteotomy.
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      Fig. 25Case 2: reference points for alveolar and zygomatic bone entrances should be marked.
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      Fig. 26Case 2: points to be marked are the ZICZ and the antrostomy zone. Eventually, a line joining the ZICZ and the antrostomy points will help by showing the implant path.
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      Fig. 27Case 2: alveolar thickness is less than 4 mm. A ZAGA channel osteotomy was chosen. The lateral cutting bur (Straumann AG) is initiating a narrow channel where the next drill tail will slide.
      Figure thumbnail gr28
      Fig. 28Case 2: the round bur tail is supported by the alveolar channel. Direction, depth, and inclination of the implant trajectory now should be evaluated. Once the channel shows the desired depth and its floor surface becomes even, the bur tail gently slides up and down using a grinding-back movement, the goal being to prepare a smooth surface supporting the trajectory for the next drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr29
      Fig. 29Case 2: round bur has completed the channel grinding. A notch was marked at the zygomatic process.
      Figure thumbnail gr30
      Fig. 30Case 2: a 3.4-mm diameter implant is planned; conditions of zygomatic bone quality and quantity are not ideal. Then, a twist drill of 2.8-mm diameter is advised as final diameter.
      Figure thumbnail gr31
      Fig. 31Case 2: using profuse irrigation, the twist drill slides up and down, using short pressure periods of about 4 seconds, allowing the saline to clean and cool the drill.
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      Fig. 32Case 2: details of the ZAGA channel osteotomy. Minimal destruction of the alveolar bone and maxillary wall has been achieved. The under-preparation totally matches the chosen implant design. Sinus lining integrity has been maintained. The antrostomy zone was moved to an apical position.
      Figure thumbnail gr33
      Fig. 33Case 2: implant length is estimated with a gauge.
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      Fig. 34Case 2: a flat body section implant design (Straumann ZAGA Flat) is presented. The round tapered apical part of the implant is provided with cutting flutes.
      Figure thumbnail gr35
      Fig. 35Case 2: the unique tapered design feature on a ZI (Straumann ZAGA Flat), together with the use of a ZAGA conservative osteotomy, allows for an enhanced implant primary stability.
      Figure thumbnail gr36
      Fig. 36Case 2: the implant (Straumann ZAGA Flat) and transport holder have the same diameter, helping the surgeon manage implant insertion in situations where the implant is inserted close to another implant or to hard bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr37
      Fig. 37Case 2: lateral view of the implant design (Straumann ZAGA Flat).
      Figure thumbnail gr38
      Fig. 38Case 2: the implant in place is partially outside the bone envelope. To diminish eventual vascular compression of the soft tissues, the implant (Straumann ZAGA Flat) has a flat body section.
      Figure thumbnail gr39
      Fig. 39Case 2: the Straumann ZAGA Flat implant from a lateral view. Its flat profile is not protruding from the remaining alveolar bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr40
      Fig. 40Case 2: the Straumann AG lateral cutting bur is starting a channel osteotomy on the right posterior area.
      Figure thumbnail gr41
      Fig. 41Case 2: the initial alveolar channel is used for a smooth back and forward sliding movement of the round bur tail.
      Figure thumbnail gr42
      Fig. 42Case 2: once the desired depth has been achieved, the round bur is perforating the maxillary buttress (antrostomy zone), with no care about sinus lining integrity.
      Figure thumbnail gr43
      Fig. 43Case 2: final ZAGA minimally invasive osteotomy achieved after the use of a narrow diameter twist drill. Note the integrity of the sinus membrane at the ZICZ.
      Figure thumbnail gr44
      Fig. 44Case 2: a Straumann ZAGA Flat ZI is being screwed on the zygomatic bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr45
      Fig. 45Case 2: neck detail of the Straumann ZAGA Flat ZI. Surface at the implant neck level opposite to the flat area, intended to be in intimate contact with the alveolar and maxillary wall bone, has been provided with mini threads.
      Figure thumbnail gr46
      Fig. 46Case 2: the implant mount of the ZAGA Flat design has the same diameter as the implant body. A 55° pre-angled implant head has the potential for the use of straight abutments in almost all the situations.
      Figure thumbnail gr47
      Fig. 47Case 2: the ZAGA Flat implant design has been placed into a prosthetically driven position. Its section increases the surface facing the soft tissues, reducing an eventual implant pressure against them.
      Figure thumbnail gr48
      Fig. 48Case 2: hexagonal 55° pre-angled implant head (Straumann ZAGA Flat) placed in an ideal prosthetically guided position. Note the close contact between the implant and the remaining bone.
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      Fig. 49Case 2: occlusal postoperative view. The ZAGA concept approach was used for obtaining both osteotomies in a minimally invasive manner.
      Figure thumbnail gr50
      Fig. 50Case 2: to maximize the amount of keratinized tissue buccal to the implants, a palatal incision was made. To facilitate a first intention closure, double pediculated partial flap was performed.
      Figure thumbnail gr51
      Fig. 51Case 2: the 1-year control shows the results of combining the use of the ZAGA concept for hard and soft tissue management and an implant design with features adapted to the patient anatomy (Straumann ZAGA Flat).
      Figure thumbnail gr52
      Fig. 52Case 2: 1-year occlusal view of the prostheses placed by Drs Peter and Madalina Simon, ZAGA Center Stuttgart, Germany. Straight, non-angulated, Straumann abutments were used.
      Figure thumbnail gr53
      Fig. 53Case 2: right side 3D and 2D images representing the anatomic features and sinus status of the final ZI trajectory at 1-year CBCT post-operative control. Compare with .
      Figure thumbnail gr54
      Fig. 54Case 2: left side 3D and 2D images representing the anatomic features and sinus status of the final ZI trajectory at 1-year CBCT control. Compare with the preoperative status shown in .
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      Fig. 55Case 2: patient satisfaction is shown at 1-year control. Prostheses placed by Drs Peter and Madalina Simon, ZAGA Center Stuttgart, Germany.
      Figure thumbnail gr56
      Fig. 56Case 3: panoramic CT cut showing advanced maxillary atrophy after teeth loss and subsequent failed implant-based rehabilitation.
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      Fig. 57Case 3: virtual planning. Anterior implants are foreseen at a position between lateral incisors and canines. Posterior implants would be located between the first molars and second premolars.
      Figure thumbnail gr58
      Fig. 58Case 3: extrasinus planning in a ZAGA type 4 maxilla. The 3D and 2D images are representing the anatomic features of an eventual ZI trajectory in the position of the first upper right molar.
      Figure thumbnail gr59
      Fig. 59Case 3: ZAGA type 3 maxilla, a tunnel-type osteotomy for the anterior right implant was planned.
      Figure thumbnail gr60
      Fig. 60Case 3: 3D and 2D images illustrating the anatomic features of an eventual ZI trajectory inthe aproximate position of the upper left canine. Maxilla anatomy is in between types 2 and 3, a tunnel-type osteotomy was planned.
      Figure thumbnail gr61
      Fig. 61Case 3: planning of posterior left implant. Although being a type 4 maxilla, the ZAGA channel-type osteotomy together with appropriate implant design eventually would be enough to host the implant section inside the alveolar bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr62
      Fig. 62Case 3: previous to drilling it is advisable marking the entrance points both at alveolar and zygomatic levels.
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      Fig. 63Case 3: alveolar bone height is moderate; the round bur would point buccally in to avoid nose or sinus perforation. Direction will be corrected later.
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      Fig. 64Case 3: the bur direction is corrected progressively until reaching the marked apical point.
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      Fig. 65Case 3: a channel was carved on the maxillary wall. In order to maintain sinus membrane integrity, the round bur will cut bone just on its back movement.
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      Fig. 66Case 3: the round bur tail is smoothly sliding using the channel support; the bur direction is maintained during the movement.
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      Fig. 67Case 3: the round bur has perforated the zygomatic process of the maxilla. No care is taken for sinus lining integrity at this level.
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      Fig. 68Case 3: optionally, the lateral cutting properties of a zygo-bur (Versah.com) are used for ultimate smoothing and enlarging of the implant path.
      Figure thumbnail gr69
      Fig. 69Case 3: the zygo-bur (Versah.com) is used in clockwise direction to achieve a smooth tunnel into the zygomatic bone that guarantees no deviation for the next twist drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr70
      Fig. 70Case 3: when poor zygomatic bone quality or quality are present it is appropriate to diminish final drill diameter from the regular 2.9-mm (Straumann AG) until 2.8-mm or even 2.7-mm of diameter. A stepped twist drill of 2.8-mm diameter was elected as the final drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr71
      Fig. 71Case 3: the stepped 2.8-mm diameter twist drill was used until thorough perforation of the zygomatic bone. A retractor previously placed on the angle formed by the frontal and temporal apophysis of the zygomatic bone would protect facial skin from eventual drill injury.
      Figure thumbnail gr72
      Fig. 72Case 3: a conservative, minimally invasive osteotomy has been achieved. Sinus integrity has been maintained.
      Figure thumbnail gr73
      Fig. 73Case 3: the zygo-bur is maintained on the anterior osteotomy as a guide while a shorter bur (versah.com) is used to start the ZAGA channel osteotomy for the posterior implant.
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      Fig. 74Case 3: once adequate channel direction and depth have been achieved; a double, lateral and frontal cutting bur (versah.com) is used in a clockwise direction for antrostomy initiation.
      Figure thumbnail gr75
      Fig. 75Case 3: te lateral cutting power of the zygo-bur (versah.com) contributes to the achievement of a smooth channel where the next bur will slide maintaining its direction.
      Figure thumbnail gr76
      Fig. 76Case 3: commonly, a zygomatic bony step is created on the facial side of the zygoma during the antrostomy. The round bur then is used for step beveling, so that the next drill direction will not be modified.
      Figure thumbnail gr77
      Fig. 77Case 3: round bur is introduced into the zygomatic bone to facilitate maintenance on the achieved direction by the next drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr78
      Fig. 78Case 3: a 2.8-mm diameter twist drill was used as the final drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr79
      Fig. 79Case 3: osteotomies of the right side have been performed. Remains of alveolar bone and maxillary wall have been respected. Sinus lining integrity at the ZICZ was maintained.
      Figure thumbnail gr80
      Fig. 80Case 3: after measurement, distal implant will be placed first.
      Figure thumbnail gr81
      Fig. 81Case 3: the conservative ZAGA channel-type osteotomy together with an adapted to the anatomy implant design (Straumann ZAGA Flat) prevent eventual complications such as oral-antral fistula or soft tissue dehiscence.
      Figure thumbnail gr82
      Fig. 82Case 3: the anterior osteotomy is measured to double check the posterior implant is not crossing the anterior way.
      Figure thumbnail gr83
      Fig. 83Case 3: a circular implant section design (Straumann ZAGA Round) is facing a ZAGA tunnel-type osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr84
      Fig. 84Case 3: low-speed rotation of the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) allows apical flutes for self-tapping effect on the alveolar bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr85
      Fig. 85Case 3: maxillary bone is so thin that an instrument is needed to avoid its complete fracture during insertion of the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round).
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      Fig. 86Case 3: the Straumann ZAGA Round implant has been inserted. Implant mount is not interfering with hard bone usually found at the nasal spine level.
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      Fig. 87Case 3: the screwdriver has been inserted on the screw fixing the mount to the implant. Screwdriver direction is indicating the prosthetic screw emergence.
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      Fig. 88Case 3: for complete control, the retractor must be in place with a double function: to protect skin from drill injury and drilling direction indicator.
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      Fig. 89Case 3: round bur is used here as the first drill. Drilling direction is facially oriented to prevent nasal or sinus perforation.
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      Fig. 90Case 3: round bur direction is progressively changed into a more horizontal angulation.
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      Fig. 91Case 3: round bur has initiated the antrostomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr92
      Fig. 92Case 3: a zygo-bur (Versah.com) was used to achieve a deeper and uniform osteotomy in both alveolar and wall maxillary bone.
      Figure thumbnail gr93
      Fig. 93Case 3: the bur (Versah.com) is used for lateral tunnel and channel carving until the total implant diameter can be hosted or the sinus lining is transparent through the osteotomy. If the latter occurs, the achieved depth should be considered optimal for the present situation.
      Figure thumbnail gr94
      Fig. 94Case 3: a long Versah zygo-drill was used for a complete smoothing of the initial osteotomy so that the final twist drill slides for and back while precisely maintaining the correct direction.
      Figure thumbnail gr95
      Fig. 95Case 3: a 2.8-mm diameter twist drill was used to complete the anterior left osteotomy. The height of the alveolar process was not enough for an ideal tunnel-type osteotomy. Most of the implant circumference, however, will be bony embraced.
      Figure thumbnail gr96
      Fig. 96Case 3: a short zygo-bur (versah.com) is used in a lateral cutting function to start the ZAGA channel-type osteotomy of the posterior left implant.
      Figure thumbnail gr97
      Fig. 97Case 3: the antrostomy zone mark is guiding the direction of the drill while carving an uniform channel able to guide the next drill.
      Figure thumbnail gr98
      Fig. 98Case 3: being used in a clockwise direction Versah zygo-bur cutting tip may start or even perform the antrostomy. Case 3: after creating an uniform channel with the desired depth, the antrostomy has been initiated using a Versah zygo-bur.
      Figure thumbnail gr99
      Fig. 99Case 3: a wider diameter of Versah zygo-drill is used to enlarge the osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr100
      Fig. 100Case 3: due to the poor zygomatic bone quality and quantity a 2.8-mm diameter twist drill was considered to substitute for the usual 2.9-mm diameter.
      Figure thumbnail gr101
      Fig. 101Case 3: transparency of the sinus membrane is observed on both osteotomies. The ZAGA minimally invasive osteotomy concept does not need for window or slot aggressive osteotomies.
      Figure thumbnail gr102
      Fig. 102Case 3: posterior osteotomy length is being measured.
      Figure thumbnail gr103
      Fig. 103Case 3: although there is no roof the implant (Straumann ZAGA Flat) is being inserted as in the case of a tunnel osteotomy. The implant self-tapping characteristic will help for an intimate BIC at the alveolar level.
      Figure thumbnail gr104
      Fig. 104Case 3: following a precise slightly underprepared osteotomy, the implant (Straumann ZAGA Flat) self-tapping feature makes possible an enhanced BIC not only at the zygomatic anchoring zone but also at the maxillary wall and at the ZICZ.
      Figure thumbnail gr105
      Fig. 105Case 3: ZAGA Flat posterior left implant has been screwed. It is time for anterior osteotomy length measurement.
      Figure thumbnail gr106
      Fig. 106Case 3: the implant (Straumann ZAGA Round) is facing the tunnel-type osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr107
      Fig. 107Case 3: ZAGA Round implant apical flutes are self-tapping the zygomatic anchoring zone. Neck flutes are self-tapping the alveolar tunnel osteotomy.
      Figure thumbnail gr108
      Fig. 108Case 3: implants in place. Straumann zygomatic abutments have been screwed using 35 N∙cm.
      Figure thumbnail gr109
      Fig. 109Case 3: postoperative CBCT cut of the posterior right implant; compare with .
      Figure thumbnail gr110
      Fig. 110Case 3: postoperative CBCT cut of the anterior right implant; compare with .
      Figure thumbnail gr111
      Fig. 111Case 3: postoperative CBCT cut of the anterior left implant; compare with .
      Figure thumbnail gr112
      Fig. 112Case 3: postperative CBCT cut of the posterior left implant; compare with .
      Figure thumbnail gr113
      Fig. 113Case 3: patient status after prosthesis placement. Prosthetic rehabilitation executed by Drs Alexandra Marquez and Marina Praetere, Lisbon, Portugal.
      The essence of the ZAGA concept is understanding the possible anatomic variations present between patients, and even in different sites for the same patient, and then to provide this patient with a zygomatic anchored rehabilitation according to the specific anatomy. ZAGA concept includes adaptation of the implant trajectory to the anatomy and the choice of the adequate implant design able to adapt to the performed osteotomy.
      In execution of the ZAGA concept, the implant path may be intrasinus, extrasinus (see Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24, Fig. 25, Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32, Fig. 33, Fig. 34, Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig. 37, Fig. 38, Fig. 39, Fig. 40, Fig. 41, Fig. 42, Fig. 43, Fig. 44, Fig. 45, Fig. 46, Fig. 47, Fig. 48, Fig. 49, Fig. 50, Fig. 51, Fig. 52, Fig. 53, Fig. 54, Fig. 55), or in multiple intermediary positions (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20 and Fig. 56, Fig. 57, Fig. 58, Fig. 59, Fig. 60, Fig. 61, Fig. 62, Fig. 63, Fig. 64, Fig. 65, Fig. 66, Fig. 67, Fig. 68, Fig. 69, Fig. 70, Fig. 71, Fig. 72, Fig. 73, Fig. 74, Fig. 75, Fig. 76, Fig. 77, Fig. 78, Fig. 79, Fig. 80, Fig. 81, Fig. 82, Fig. 83, Fig. 84, Fig. 85, Fig. 86, Fig. 87, Fig. 88, Fig. 89, Fig. 90, Fig. 91, Fig. 92, Fig. 93, Fig. 94, Fig. 95, Fig. 96, Fig. 97, Fig. 98, Fig. 99, Fig. 100, Fig. 101, Fig. 102, Fig. 103, Fig. 104, Fig. 105, Fig. 106, Fig. 107, Fig. 108, Fig. 109, Fig. 110, Fig. 111, Fig. 112, Fig. 113), using the maxillary wall as an additional source of anchorage. The ZAGA concept aims to maximize the primary stability of a prosthetically ideal positioned ZI, which produces a conservative osteotomy at the coronal-alveolar, medial-maxillary wall, and apical-zygomatic bone level.
      Once the anatomic features of that specific patient have been visualized and studied, the ZAGA concept provides the clinician with decision-making tools on the establishment of the ideal coronal entrance point at the alveolar process and the apical entry into the zygomatic bone.

      Late complications of the zygoma-related rehabilitation

      The authors propose the term, late complications, for those complications appearing at least 3 months after surgery, once implants have been individually tested for no rotational movements, pain, or infection.
      The zygoma fixture–associated late complications frequently are related to the surgical technique; that is, extramaxillary placement of ZI may lead to an increased possibility for mucosal dehiscence compared with the classical palatal perforation.
      Aparicio C. Zygomatic implants: the anatomy-guided approach. 1st edition. Quintessence Pub Co, United Kingdom2012
      On the other hand, intrasinus techniques have more possibilities of developing an oral-antral fistula.
      • Al-Nawas B.
      • Wegener J.
      • Bender C.
      • et al.
      Critical soft tissue parameters of the zygomatic implant.
      J Clinperiodontol. 2004; 31: 497-500
      ,
      • Becktor J.P.
      • Isaksson S.
      • Abrahamsson P.
      • et al.
      Evaluation of 31 zygomatic implants and 74 regular dental implants used in 16 patients for prosthetic reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla with cross-arch fixed bridges.
      Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2005; 7: 159-165
      An intrasinus implant path perforates the sinus through a thinner bone and thicker mucosa, unable to be sealed by the abutment (see Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24). The intrasinus path together with an increased anterior maxillary wall concavity also is associated with implant platforms positioned at averages of 12 mm palatal to the crest. The resulting bulky prostheses provokes hygiene difficulties and soft tissue problems like gingival hyperplasia or/and infection, which may lead to bone resorption around the implant neck at the palatal region. Resorption of the thin palatal bone rapidly leads to oral-antral fistula.

      The zygomatic anatomy-guided approach concept for minimally invasive osteotomy

      The alveolar tunnel osteotomy for a round section implant design

      Following the ZAGA concept for a patient-specific zygomatic therapy, if the cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) cross-sectional plane for virtual implant placement shows that residual bone at the sinus floor level is sufficient in thickness and width (minimum, 4-mm high × 6-mm wide), the ZI should enter the antrum through the residual alveolus. In other words, whenever bone architecture at the desired implant platform position is sufficient to circumferentially enclose the implant neck with at least 4 mm of bone, attempts should be made to maintain this bone and to place the implant through it (ZAGA types 0 and 1). This concept minimizes the risk of late soft tissue complications.
      The authors naming the circular osteotomy a tunnel osteotomy because, at the alveolar osseous entrance, it has a floor, lateral walls, and a more or less complete roof. The ZAGA concept recommends aiming for a tunnel osteotomy whenever possible, regardless of the maxillary wall curvature (see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20) (ZAGA types 0, 1, and 3). In other words, in the presence of a remaining alveolar crest allowing for a tunnel-type perforation, a maxillary wall curvature with a pronounced curvature is not perforated until the antrostomy zone (ZAGA type 3). The rationale is that a stable ZI, with an appropriate threaded profile, surrounded by sufficient bone at the alveolar entrance and stabilized by adequate prostheses, will achieve osseointegration capable of long-term sealing the sinus entrance.
      Tunnel osteotomy typically is used in ZAGA types 0, 1, and 3 maxillary wall situations when it is accompanied by an adequate thickness and geometry of alveolar bony support circumferential to the implant neck.
      Tunnel osteotomy, by definition, has a circular profile entrance that needs to be sealed by a round profile implant.
      In order to avoid possible bone loss from implant micromovements, ideally, ZI should be splinted immediately following placement to other conventional or ZI in a rigid cross-arch stabilization system.
      Providing that the clinician feels comfortable controlling the drilling direction and trajectory, a lateral window-shaped osteotomy into the maxillary antrum is not recommended to minimize bone injury. The entry point preferably should be located in a position close to the middle part of the alveolar crest regardless of the maxillary wall anatomy, attempting to place the implant neck fully surrounded by the adequate thickness of native bone. The circular osteotomy for implant placement penetrates at least 4 mm of crest, with no special effort to maintain sinus membrane integrity, and adopts either a total, partial, or extrasinus path on its midpart until reaching the zygomatic bone. The final determination of the relationship between implant and maxillary anterior wall is determined by the curvature of the external wall of the maxillary buttress.
      There is no scientific documentation of the minimum amount of residual bone required to withstand the masticatory loads applied from the ZI to the sinus floor bone-implant junction. Circumstances affecting bone to implant contact (BIC) quality and maintenance at the alveolar entrance can differ dramatically from 1 patient to the next, that is, difference between final drill diameter and implant diameter, implant insertion precision, degree of ZI stability resisting micromovements, quality of soft tissue attachment, type of oral hygiene maintenance, history of periodontitis, parafunctional habits, smoking, and so forth. In other words, if substantial circumferential alveolar bony support at the ZI platform may be maintained, this should be the first option.

      The alveolar and/or maxillary wall channel osteotomy for a flat section implant design

      The clinical scenario of the severely atrophic maxilla is represented by a thin (≤2-mm) bone separating the maxillary sinus from the overlying soft tissue. An eventual implant entry scarcely achieves BIC, and the maintenance of weak soft tissue sealing becomes critical. Under these conditions, osseointegration of the ZI at its neck level is difficult to achieve and to maintain. Risk for late sinus-oral communication then is increased.
      Instead of perforating through an inadequate crestal or palatal bone, the ZAGA concept promotes displacing the alveolar antrostomy toward the buccal plate or vestibule as far as possible from the zygomatic implant critical zone (ZICZ). The main goals for this variation are to avoid sinus late complications by maintaining sinus membrane integrity at the alveolar level; the secondary goal is to prevent soft tissue dehiscence, over the body of the implant along the remaining alveolar bone and maxillary wall. A channel-type space capable of accommodating most of the circumference of the implant helps prevent soft tissue dehiscence by positioning the body of the implant appropriately within the soft tissue tolerance.
      This type of osteotomy, not capable of providing a complete covering of the implant midbody and neck, is defined as a channel osteotomy. It is a groove made on the coronal-alveolar bone and sometimes also in the lateral maxillary wall and zygomatic buttress. Like a waterway or channel, it has a floor and lateral walls with more or less height, but no roof. When a channel osteotomy is performed, bone is not covering the buccal implant midpart or its neck.
      A bony canal having a circumferential arc section ideally is sealed by an implant showing a circumferential arc section too. Accordingly, a recommendation is made to use a flat implant section design that fits into a channel minimizing its buccal impact against soft tissue.
      The final idea of the channel type of osteotomy (see Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24, Fig. 25, Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32, Fig. 33, Fig. 34, Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig. 37, Fig. 38, Fig. 39, Fig. 40, Fig. 41, Fig. 42, Fig. 43, Fig. 44, Fig. 45, Fig. 46, Fig. 47, Fig. 48, Fig. 49, Fig. 50, Fig. 51, Fig. 52, Fig. 53, Fig. 54, Fig. 55 and Fig. 56, Fig. 57, Fig. 58, Fig. 59, Fig. 60, Fig. 61, Fig. 62, Fig. 63, Fig. 64, Fig. 65, Fig. 66, Fig. 67, Fig. 68, Fig. 69, Fig. 70, Fig. 71, Fig. 72, Fig. 73, Fig. 74, Fig. 75, Fig. 76, Fig. 77, Fig. 78, Fig. 79, Fig. 80, Fig. 81, Fig. 82, Fig. 83, Fig. 84, Fig. 85, Fig. 86, Fig. 87, Fig. 88, Fig. 89, Fig. 90, Fig. 91, Fig. 92, Fig. 93, Fig. 94, Fig. 95, Fig. 96, Fig. 97, Fig. 98, Fig. 99, Fig. 100, Fig. 101, Fig. 102, Fig. 103, Fig. 104, Fig. 105, Fig. 106, Fig. 107, Fig. 108, Fig. 109, Fig. 110, Fig. 111, Fig. 112, Fig. 113) is to sink the implant neck as much as possible on the alveolar and lateral wall maxillary bone and still not perforate the sinus membrane. The rationale for this ZAGA concept recommendation is based on the fact that in patients with minimal bone thickness around the implant’s entry point, under function and in time, bone may resorb. As a consequence, sinus sealing is achieved just by a weak hemi-desmosome junction. That fragile antrum sealing may be jeopardized in many circumstances—inadequate hygiene, use of water jet oral hygiene devices against the gingival junction, inappropriate or aggressive use of periodontal probe, and so forth. It has been speculated that the lack of bony support would end up in transversal mobility of the long coronal part of the ZI facilitating oral-sinus communication. On the contrary, placing the ZI platform partially or outside of the sinus maintaining lateral maxillary bony support/contact would allow for better prosthetic positioning together with a more conservative approach regarding sinus integrity preservation.
      In such an extremely resorbed anatomy model, a strong recommendation is made to, if possible, position the antrostomy at least 15 mm above the coronal area of the platform (Fig. 57, Fig. 58, Fig. 59, Fig. 60, Fig. 61 and Fig. 109, Fig. 110, Fig. 111, Fig. 112). It also is recommended to preserve the sinus membrane integrity and as much bone thickness as possible at the ZICZ crest level. To prevent soft tissue stretching when placing the implant laterally to the maxillary wall, it is recommended to groove buccal bone to house the implant body with as much medial submergence as possible into bone crest in such a way that it does not protrude against periosteum, jeopardizing soft tissue vascularity. The depth limit for the canal formation is dictated by maintenance of the sinus membrane integrity at this level.

      Clinics care points

      • •
        The first step is to balance the 2 main late risks of the treatment—oral-antral communication and soft tissue dehiscence—and decide the type of osteotomy.
      • •
        Typical zygomatic surgery is not an emergency surgery: wait for complete soft tissue healing previously to the surgery.
      • •
        Use a palatal incision to move keratinized soft tissue buccally to the implant head.
      • •
        Consider using a machined surface for the implant neck and body. If dehiscence occurs, it is easy to maintain.
      • •
        It is mandatory to preserve the sinus membrane integrity and as much bone thickness as possible at the ZICZ crest level.

      Acknowledgments

      The authors would like to acknowledge the remarkable work in the planning and prosthetic rehabilitation of patients reported in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20 and Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24, Fig. 25, Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28, Fig. 29, Fig. 30, Fig. 31, Fig. 32, Fig. 33, Fig. 34, Fig. 35, Fig. 36, Fig. 37, Fig. 38, Fig. 39, Fig. 40, Fig. 41, Fig. 42, Fig. 43, Fig. 44, Fig. 45, Fig. 46, Fig. 47, Fig. 48, Fig. 49, Fig. 50, Fig. 51, Fig. 52, Fig. 53, Fig. 54, Fig. 55, Fig. 56, Fig. 57, Fig. 58, Fig. 59, Fig. 60, Fig. 61, Fig. 62, Fig. 63, Fig. 64, Fig. 65, Fig. 66, Fig. 67, Fig. 68, Fig. 69, Fig. 70, Fig. 71, Fig. 72, Fig. 73, Fig. 74, Fig. 75, Fig. 76, Fig. 77, Fig. 78, Fig. 79, Fig. 80, Fig. 81, Fig. 82, Fig. 83, Fig. 84, Fig. 85, Fig. 86, Fig. 87, Fig. 88, Fig. 89, Fig. 90, Fig. 91, Fig. 92, Fig. 93, Fig. 94, Fig. 95, Fig. 96, Fig. 97, Fig. 98, Fig. 99, Fig. 100, Fig. 101, Fig. 102, Fig. 103, Fig. 104, Fig. 105, Fig. 106, Fig. 107, Fig. 108, Fig. 109, Fig. 110, Fig. 111, Fig. 112, Fig. 113 by Drs Peter and Madalina Simon, from the Stuttgart ZAGA Center, and in by Drs Alexan- dra Marquez and Marina Praetere, from the Lisbon MD Center
      Straumann AG generously donated most of the implants shown on the pictures, while Versah.com kindly donated the Zygo-Osseocondensation drills; however described ZAGA protocols properties belong to the authors, and Straumann and Versah by no means interfered with this publication concepts.

      Disclosure

      C. Aparicio is the founder of the ZAGA Centers Network. He is an inventor of the patent describing the ZAGA implant zygomatic portfolio. W.D. Polido is a frequent speaker for the Straumann Group and Geistlich companies.

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      Published online: July 07, 2021

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      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cxom.2021.05.004

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