The type of ballistic determines the extent of the injury and timing of treatment.
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Further readings
- Computer planning and intraoperative navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery.Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am. 2010; 22: 135-156
- Technological advances in the treatment of facial trauma.Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2012; 20: 81-94
- Indications for bullet removal: overview of the literature, and clinical practice guidelines for European trauma surgeons.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2012; 38: 89-93
- Surgical complications with open treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000; 58: 950-958
- Responsible and prudent imaging in the diagnosis and management of facial fractures.Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am. 2013; 25: 545-560
- Early definitive bone and soft-tissue reconstruction of major gunshot wounds of the face.Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991; 87: 436-450
- Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2001; 59 ([discussion: 375–6]): 370-375
- Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005; 34: 597-604
- The role of open reduction and internal fixation in unilateral fractures of the mandibular condyle: a prospective study.Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002; 40: 19-22
- Modern concepts in computer-assisted craniomaxillofacial reconstruction.Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011; 19: 295-301
- Treatment protocol for high velocity/high energy gunshot injuries to the face.Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2012; 5: 31-40
- Surgical accuracy of three-dimensional virtual planning: a pilot study of bimaxillary orthognathic procedures including maxillary segmentation.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 45: 8-18
- Influence of different types of guns, projectiles, and propellants on patterns of injury to the viscerocranium.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67: 775-781
- Influence of different types of guns, projectiles, and propellants on patterns of injury to the viscerocranium.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67: 775-781
- Open reduction and internal fixation of low subcondylar fractures of mandible through high cervical transmasseteric anteroparotid approach.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009; 67: 2446-2451
- High-energy gunshot wounds to the face.Ann Plast Surg. 1996; 36: 18-25
- Management of close-range, high-energy shotgun and rifle wounds to the face.J Craniofac Surg. 2005; 16: 794-804
Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 19, 2016
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© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.