Botulinum toxin is a potent exotoxin that disrupts neuromuscular transmission by inhibiting
the release for acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane resulting in attenuation
of muscle contraction.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.
Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North AmericaAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Treatment of glabellar frown lines C. Botulinum-A exotoxin.J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992; 18: 17-21
The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) 2013 facts and statistics report. Available at: http://www.surgery.org/sites/default/files/2014-Stats.pdf. Accessed December 15, 2015.
- The role of neurotoxins in the periorbital and mid facial areas.Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2015; 23: 243-255
- Botulinum toxin injections for facial rejuvenation.in: Nahai F. The art of aesthetic surgery: principles and techniques. 2nd edition. Quality Medical Publishing, St Louis (MO)2011: 243-246
- A succinct review of botulinum toxin in dermatology; update of cosmetic and non-cosmetic use.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2011; 10: 58-67
- Contraindications and complications with the use of botulinum toxin.Clin Dermatol. 2004; 22: 66-75
- Botulinum toxin for management of focal hyperhydrosis.Aesthet Surg J. 2002; 23: 67-69
- Cosmetic complications: rare and serious events following botulinum toxin and soft tissue filler administration.J Drugs Dermatol. 2015; 14: 486-491
Botox Cosmetic (2014) OnabotulinumtoxinA: full prescribing information. Allergan Inc., Irvine.
Xeomin (2013) IncobotulinumtoxinA: full prescribing information. Merz Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Greensboro.
Dysport (2010) AbobotulinumtoxinA: full prescribing information. Medicis Aesthetics Inc., Scottsdale.
- Abo-, inco-, ona-, and rimabotulinum toxins in clinical therapy: a primer.Pharmacotherapy. 2013; 33: 304-318
- Recommendations and current practices for reconstitution and storage of botulinum toxin type A.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012; 67: 373-378
- Efficacy of fresh versus refrigerated botulinum toxin in the treatment of lateral periorbital rhytids.Ophthal Plast Recontr Surg. 2007; 23: 433-438
- Dosing, efficacy and safety plus the use of computerized photography for botulinum toxins type A for upper facial lines.J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2010; 12: 106-111
- Dilution volume of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of glabellar rhytids: does it matter?.Dermatol Surg. 2007; 33: S97-S104
- Consensus recommendations on the use of botulinum toxin type A in facial esthetics.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004; 114: 1S-22S
- Botulinum toxin: clinical implications of antigenicity and immunoresistance.in: Brin M.F. Jankovic J. Hallet M. Scientific and therapeutic aspects of botulinum toxin. Lippencott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia2002: 409-415
- Browlift with botulinum toxin.Dermatol Surg. 2000; 26: 55-60
- Chemical browlift.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998; 124: 3221-3223
- Botulinum toxin type A treatment in the upper face: retrospective analysis of daily practice.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2012; 5: 53-58
- Treatment guidelines for botulinum toxin type A for peri-ocular injection and a report of upper lip ptosis following injections of lateral canthal rhytids.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001; 108: 208-214
- Botulinum toxin treatment of lower eyelid improves infra-lid rhytids and widens the eye.Dermatol Surg. 2001; 27: 703-708
- Botulinum toxin in facial rejuvenation: an update.Dermatol Clin. 2009; 27: 417-425
- Complications, adverse reactions, and insights with the use of botulinum toxin.Dermatol Surg. 2003; 29: 549-556
- Botulinum A toxin therapy. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies-therapeutic consequences.Exp Neurol. 1997; 147: 96-102
- Systemic weakness after therapeutic injections of botulinum toxin A: a case series and review of the literature.Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010; 33: 243-247
Further readings
- Dose ranging study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of glabellar rhytids.Dermatol Surg. 2005; 32: 414-422
- An overview of botulinum toxins: past, present and future.Clin Plast Surg. 2011; 38: 409-426
- Botulinum toxin: examining duration of effect in facial esthetic applications.Am J Clin Dermatol. 2010; 11: 183-199
- Botulinum toxin and migraine surgery.Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 112: 171S-173S
- Effect of volume and concentration on the diffusion of botulinum exotoxin A.Arch Dermatol. 2004; 140: 1351-1354
- Complications of botulinum exotoxin for hyperfunctional lines.Dermatol Surg. 1998; 24: 1249-1254
Article info
Footnotes
The author has nothing to disclose.
Identification
Copyright
© 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
